The History of Blues and Rock ‘N’ Roll

â€Å"You can’t play the blues, until you’ve paid your dues† (Spencer 41), said by the originator of the blues W. C. Handy. The blues is a music style that influenced America in many ways eventually coming to create rock and roll. The true originators of the blues go back to African slaves brought to America to work on plantations. As these slaves gained freedom and acceptance in the big cities blues developed its own unique style. This unique style gained popularity amongst the white community creating an opportunity for record labels to make a profit. Once the blues went nationwide white musicians took the blues style and techniques creating rock and roll. Some argue that rock and roll was only a lame attempt at duplicating the blues which could never be understood in the white community. Others argue that rock and roll artists stole the creativity of blues musicians to make their own profit. My argument is to find out whether or not the blues was stolen from African Americans and whether the blues was the property of African Americans not to be used by whites. Whatever the case, the blues changed how other’s viewed music and brought a whole new vibe to its white listeners. To settle the argument over whether or not the blues was something that belonged to blacks we must find out where the blues came from. If you want to find the origin of the blues you must look back to West Africa before its people were introduced to the European and American society. African Natives were isolated from the rest of the world, because it was too early to have technology for travel. Due to this isolation they created their own unique form of speech and music. The key element of West African music was rhythm, not melody and harmony. Instead of the European melodic harmonies, West African music was surrounded by rhythm. â€Å"The core of European music was to embellish a melody with a number of melodic instruments, and incidentally set a rhythm. The European aspect of rhythm was only specified by vague terms such as â€Å"adagio† or â€Å"allegro. † The core of West African music was to color a rhythm with a number of musical instruments, and incidentally dress it up with a melody† (Scaruffi 2) Rhythm was the foundation of the blues which the early whites never used. It can be concluded that the concept of rhythm was something that was created by African Americans belonging to their culture. Once the concept of rhythm came to America the technique of melody would fall behind becoming a less important aspect of music. In the 17th century America discovered Africa and enslaved the â€Å"Inferior race† (Guralnick 98) to work as cotton and wheat pickers for Southern plantation owners. As African slaves were shipped off to America they brought the musical aspect of rhythm that would lay the foundation for blues music. African slaves brought to pick cotton and wheat would use rhythm to set a pace for work. Black slaves developed a â€Å"call and response† way of singing to give rhythm to the drudgery of their servitude. These â€Å"field hollers† served as a basis of all blues music that was to follow† (Scaruffi 1). These work songs were the original form of blues. They would express the harsh conditions of slavery. Africans brought new emotions and techniques to produce music. None of these emotions could be understood by whites because slavery was not an issue for them. â€Å"Whether ecstatic (religious), mournful (work) or exuberant (party), it was much more emotional than white folk music. The combined effect of the hypnotic format and the emotional content created loose structures that could extend for indefinite periods of time, in a virtually endless alternation of repetition and improvisation† (Guralnick 13). The conditions were harsh and brutal working on the Southern plantations. These harsh conditions were a major focus in the lyrics of African slaves and influenced the future theme of blues music. â€Å"The songs of a Negro were the diary of his life (road, train, prison, saloon, sex), often an itinerant life, as opposed to the diary of a community (plantation, church)† (Spencer 38). Africans held their traditions but changed the theme of their music to paint a picture of their everyday lives. Blues now had a foundation to grow on. Due to the new rhythmic style of the first slaves brought from Africa, and generations of influence from America, blues was beginning to take form. The blues was originally a simple work song of cotton pickers and was now a new style of music making its way into the white culture. Blues music had a style revolving around slavery. So the blues did belong to African American because the issue of slavery did not affect whites. In 1865 the United States added the thirteenth amendment into the constitution abolishing slavery giving slaves the freedom to travel. The end of slavery led to the â€Å"Great Migration† of blacks into cities bringing a hip musical style amongst the white city folk. After the Civil War with the abolishment of slavery blacks gained their freedom and could choose where they would work. â€Å"Black men had few options other than back-breaking manual field labor or becoming a traveling minstrel. Many chose the occupation of a traveling minstrel playing raucous, all-night country dances, fish-frys, and jukejoints† (Pendack 11). For blacks who left the South, the North promised freedom. However segregation was still wide spread throughout America. Due to the end of slavery many changes were made to the former slave music to create the blues. â€Å"The end of slavery meant, to some extent, the dissolution of the two traditional meeting points for the African community: the plantation and the church† (Scaruffi 9). Music remained the way of venting the frustration of African Americans, but the end of slavery introduced Blacks as individuals instead of being defined by a group. The black singer was now free to and capable of defining himself as an individual. Solo singers represented a new take on that condition, the view of a man finally enabled to travel, and no longer a prisoner of his community, although, sometimes, more lonely† (Green 3). The sound of blues music began to change from slave work songs to blues. Whites could not understand the concept of gaining freedom because it was naturally given to them. The themes in the lyrics of the blues could only be seen through a black woman or man’s eyes. Many blacks took railroads to Chicago where the â€Å"City Blues† was born. City Blues† was a blues more subdued than its precursor, in part because its rhythms were more refined-more danceable. The African-rooted spirituality basically continued untouched; but the non-articulations (moans and hums) were less dissonant† (Guralnick 101). In Chicago, the emergence of the â€Å"City Blues,† in the 1920’s, created a new blues culture with increased musical performance due to the merging of city life and African musicians. The white culture had already adapted to the city life whereas the city was completely new to blacks. The theme of the city blues reflected the conditioning of the South’s rural emigrants to the city’s new universe of experience that could never be understood by whites. â€Å"City blues represented the African American’s transition from the relinquishment of old folkways to the appropriation of the new progressive mentality. Race progress, represented the liberation of African Americans from the alleged tyranny of superstition† (Spencer 40). What the blues represented was an emotion that belonged to the blacks. Much of the blues was performed in small venues giving rise to new music techniques. Singers sang louder, amps were cranked up, because small noisy club venues, common then, needed loudness to be heard. Some made the switch to electric guitars while adding drum sets to their bands due to the loudness of the crowd† (Green 6). The electric guitar began multiplying options for blues players. Some of the first generation artists of â€Å"City Blu es† were, â€Å"Muddy Water, Howlin’ Wolf, T-bone Walker, Bobby Bland, Bo Diddley, Jimmy Reed, and B. B. King† (Pendack 2). The slaves of the plantations had made the transition from being â€Å"Field howlers,† to recognizable performers in the city life. As the sound of the blues began to rise in popularity Rock and Roll began to develop over time. As the blues began developing a distinctive sound it provided some fundamental elements for rock and roll. After this time, blues was increasingly merged with rock music to form the rock blues bands of the 1960's and 70's. â€Å"Blues- the last in all of its permutations; call it a blending, a transition, a hybridization, maybe even a genetic modification; this is the progression of the music. The Forties and early Fifties set the table for rock & roll† (Spencer 41). The rise in popularity of the blues had much to do with the mass media, record companies and radios. The blues was spread nationwide amongst the white culture. â€Å"During the late 1920's, with the advent of the 78 RPM phonograph, some of the more popular country blues artists were recorded by Paramount, Aristocrat and other record labels. These records served to expose white folks to the blues, as well as give the fledgling artists exposure to national, yet segregated record labels† (Guralnick 101). The blues rose to new heights because the money was there. War production pay checks and post-war prosperity gave music listeners money to buy the new music they loved. â€Å"They bought radios and they bought record players; they fed juke boxes and they bought records; they went to concerts at the Apollo and at the Hollywood Bowl. They made rhythm & blues profitable† (Pendack 13). With the risen popularity in blues music, record labels jumped at the chance to make some money. With the blues drawing a new crowd and rock and roll was to be born. Many of the original blues artists did not take too kindly to rock and roll. Whites began to make much profit from blues by creating rock and roll. However because blues originated from African American slave songs many whites had trouble replicating the blues because they had not gone through the same experiences. â€Å"Whites would steal from them this creativity born of labor and the elementary forms of industrialization and then turn around and sell it back. White capital, which owned all of the record companies, controlled this commercialization process from the start, economically and culturally† (Spencer 38). The mass media, record companies and radio broadcast stations were primarily under white control making the shift from blues to rock and roll easy. The record labels found that there was a market for blues records among white audiences of the big cities, particularly New York and Chicago† (Green 6). One of the original African American Blues artists, W. C. Handy, admitted, â€Å"Each one of my blues is based on some old negro song of the South, some old song that is part of the memories of my childhood and my race. I can tell you the exact song I used as the basis for any one of my blues† (Guralnick 14). The blues music had an underling meaning of suffering from segregation and slavery. Now let’s admit, I doubt any white man or woman would have any experience writing about that topic. Here is a great example of a white rock band using lyrics depicting the harsh conditions of an African American. Many blacks see this as an attempt at using blues music for profit. As the blues saying goes, â€Å"You can play the blues until you’ve paid your dues† (Spencer 38). â€Å"Every time a white cop hits a Negro with his billy club, that old club says, Bop! Bop!†¦ Be-Bop! Mop†¦ That’s why so many white folks don’t dig†¦ White folks do not get their heads beat just for being white. But you, me, a cop is liable to grab me anytime and beat my head-just for being colored. And this where we come from-out of the dark days we have seen. And not to be dug unless you’ve seen dark says, too. That’s why folks who ain’t suffered much cannot play, and do not understand it. They think it’s nonsense† (Spencer 42). -The Police, 1980 â€Å"It is important to note that â€Å"The Police† was a rock trio from London, England. The trio included the now popular solo singer â€Å"Sting† (Spencer 39). It is also worth mentioning that this band consisted of three white men. Not black, but white. Even though this song was produced and sung by a white band the lyrics are sung from a black man’s perspective. The Police† had no idea what it was like to be beat due to a difference in skin color. It is also worth mentioning that, â€Å"The Police† went on to sell more than 50 million albums and became the world’s highest-earning musicians in 2008. The Rolling Stone has gone on to rank â€Å"The Policeà ¢â‚¬  number 70 on the list of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time† (Spencer 39). They ended up making a huge profit while using lyrics from a black man’s perspective. Now the question arises: â€Å"Was the blues really stolen from African Americans? † and if so, â€Å"Was the blues really something that belonged to African Americans? Looking back on the origins of the blues we can see that its foundation was set by the concept of rhythm created in Africa. Once African natives were enslaved they were brought over to America using work-songs to set pace for work. With the abolishment of slavery African Americans moved north bringing the new style of the blues with them. As these former slaves began to make the shift to performing in clubs individually, they began to develop a new sound. As the popularity of the blues began to rise record labels jumped at the opportunity to make a profit. Over time whites began to develop their own form of blues ultimately leading to rock and roll. Going back through this history we can conclude that African-Americans were the founders of blues. However, I do not think the blues is something that could be stolen. Rock and roll was formed by the combination of African culture and White culture. With the rhythmic style of the blues whites were able to transform it into their own version. If we were to keep the blues hidden belonging only to African Americans, slavery would have never been abolished. Due to the clash of the two cultures the outcome is rock and roll. Rock and roll heard today is merely the blues in its developed form. The blues was a melting pot for all musical forms. As the blues was mixed and spiced up by difference artists, rock and roll was what boiled out. Annotated Bibliography Green, Adam. Blues. The Encyclopedia of Chicago. 1991. Web. April 23, 2010. The â€Å"African American Migration† from the South and the growth of the music industry lead to the creation of the â€Å"City Blues. † During the 1950’, â€Å"City Blues, also known as the â€Å"Chicago Blues,† flourished using rhythm sections and a higher amplification. A higher reliance was given to guitar and harmonica leads. While â€Å"Chicago Blues† did not recapture the harsh conditions of the African American community, it found a new audience drawn from followers of rock music. Guralnick, Peter. Feel Like Going Home: Portraits in Blues and Rock ‘N’ Roll. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1999. Print Blues was a property of African Americans before it was even set on paper. Each blues singer had his own individual way of expressing himself. However there is a common thread of ideas as well as lyrics which gives blues players the ability to sit down with any other and play. Its very popularity in fact influenced recording trends and tended to place a far greater emphasis on the community. It has always been a commercial vehicle, and particularly so because of its adaptable form. Pendack, Stephen. History of Blues. Blues Music Rocks! 2002. Web. April 20, 2010. Blues has its deepest roots in the work songs of the West African slaves in the South. During their back-breaking work â€Å"field holler† would use rhythm of their work songs to set the pace. During the Great depression, blacks migrated north along railroad tracks to Chicago. They brought blues music with them and soon the sound filled urban night clubs. We began to see new performers like Muddy Waters switching to electric guitar and adding a drum set to their bands. Scaruffi, Piero. A Brief History of Blues Music. History of Popular Music. 2006. Web. April 23, 2010. During the creation of civilizations, blues â€Å"solo music† was invented to admire and appreciate musical talent of singers and instrumentalists. Blues music relied heavily on rhythm, both for dancing and singing. The key element to African music was rhythm, not melody and harmony. Instead of a melodic counterpoint, West African music was about rhythmic counterpoint. Spencer, Jon. Blues and Evil. Tennessee: The University of Tennessee, 1993. Print White blues artists have tended to overlook the underlying theme of the blues because they have not fully understood African American culture. The language of the blues is one including a deep religious meaning not to be duplicated by the white culture. With the creation of rock and roll a reason for using the foundations a blues arose. Much profit came from blues music but the meaning could never be understood by white culture.

Free Essays on Career In Nursing

Career Goal: Masters in Nursing â€Å"The goal of nursing is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him, primarily by altering the environment†, by Florence Nightingale in 1859 expresses in what nursing means to me. Nursing started out as a career that was based on a collection of specific skills trained to do specific tasks, but with broad advances in facts and technology, Nursing has evolved into a profession where nurses work to promote health, prevent disease, and help patients cope with illnesses. A nurse fill’s the needs of a patient, which cannot be met by either a family member or any other member of their community. Nursing is a helping profession, which provides services that contribute to the health care and well being of the patient. The nursing career was once considered as just an aid but it is now known as vital and crucial part of the health care system. (Perry 25) Personally, I have always been very attentive, as in the health care, for my family. If there were a weird disease that I did not understand, I would go and look up the information. From there, my interest led to the treatment of the disease and weather or not the disease was curable. This fascination of the human body led to my have a huge interest in biology. With my study in biology, I tried to use what I have just learned and practice it whenever I had the opportunity. In being the â€Å"attentive health care person† at home, I enjoyed the felling of making a person feel better. I could remember as a child hating hospitals and never wanting anything that had to involve one, but as I grew older I learned that my hatred towards the hospital was the terrible felling of seeing sick people. The feeling of not being able to attend to the person’s needs made me anxious because it seemed that there was no hope. That is when I really started to focus on my familyâ €™s health. Whether it was running with a band-aid, or a ... Free Essays on Career In Nursing Free Essays on Career In Nursing Career Goal: Masters in Nursing â€Å"The goal of nursing is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him, primarily by altering the environment†, by Florence Nightingale in 1859 expresses in what nursing means to me. Nursing started out as a career that was based on a collection of specific skills trained to do specific tasks, but with broad advances in facts and technology, Nursing has evolved into a profession where nurses work to promote health, prevent disease, and help patients cope with illnesses. A nurse fill’s the needs of a patient, which cannot be met by either a family member or any other member of their community. Nursing is a helping profession, which provides services that contribute to the health care and well being of the patient. The nursing career was once considered as just an aid but it is now known as vital and crucial part of the health care system. (Perry 25) Personally, I have always been very attentive, as in the health care, for my family. If there were a weird disease that I did not understand, I would go and look up the information. From there, my interest led to the treatment of the disease and weather or not the disease was curable. This fascination of the human body led to my have a huge interest in biology. With my study in biology, I tried to use what I have just learned and practice it whenever I had the opportunity. In being the â€Å"attentive health care person† at home, I enjoyed the felling of making a person feel better. I could remember as a child hating hospitals and never wanting anything that had to involve one, but as I grew older I learned that my hatred towards the hospital was the terrible felling of seeing sick people. The feeling of not being able to attend to the person’s needs made me anxious because it seemed that there was no hope. That is when I really started to focus on my familyâ €™s health. Whether it was running with a band-aid, or a ...

All Are Not Should Usually Be Not All

All Are Not Should Usually Be Not All â€Å"All Are Not† Should Usually Be â€Å"Not All† â€Å"All Are Not† Should Usually Be â€Å"Not All† By Mark Nichol Sentences that refer to exceptions to a rule are frequently flawed by faulty construction. Here are five such statements and their fixes. 1. â€Å"Just as all habits aren’t bad, all infinite loops aren’t, either.† Revision: â€Å"Just as not all habits are bad, not all infinite loops are, either.† 2. â€Å"But all of its coffee is not fair trade.† Revision: â€Å"But not all its coffee is fair trade.† (I also deleted the extraneous of.) 3. â€Å"In many parts of the world, egg donation and embryo donation are not permitted, and all religions may not allow for surrogacy.† Revision: â€Å"In many parts of the world, egg donation and embryo donation are not permitted, and not all religions may allow for surrogacy.† 4. â€Å"All that’s beautiful about the Wind Cave National Park does not lie beneath its surface.† Revision: â€Å"Not all that’s beautiful about the Wind Cave National Park lies beneath its surface.† 5. â€Å"So all hikes don’t have to be a same-day round-trip excursion, there are ten developed campsites.† Revision: â€Å"So not all hikes have to be a same-day round-trip excursion, there are ten developed campsites.† Normally, I annotate each item in this type of post with an explanation of what’s involved in the specific revision. In this case, however, the solution for each is the same simple step: Insert not before all, and alter the negative proposition farther along in the sentence to a positive proposition. (Usually, all that’s required is deletion of not or its contraction, though the last item requires the removal not only of the contraction in don’t but also do itself.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?50 Idioms About Fruits and VegetablesIs Your Novel "Mystery," "Thriller," or "Suspense"?

The Detective Story The Cannibal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Detective Story The Cannibal - Essay Example Families of girls were protesting as they were getting disappointed about the discovery of their daughters. Teams were being made in the Criminal Investigation Department and spread all over San Francisco in search for any clues. Eight months have passed and every month, the reports increased. And they were all girls. It might have been the rape scene going on and then the killing of the girls followed by the disappearing of their bodies either buried or thrown in the waters, detective Robert presented his ideas to the CID one day. And then, one day it was his best friend’s daughter who was missing. Robert was enraged. He could not bear this since he was very fond of the little girl, Eliza, and had a fatherly love for her. He promised his friend, Alfred, who was much older than him that he would bring Eliza back at all costs. He called Alfred the next day of the incident into his office. A long, thin man with curly hear and unshaven face, Agostino, accompanied Alfred. Robert w as not comfortable with Agostino. He had never seen him with Alfred nor did Alfred ever talk about him. Robert knew Alfred since ages and this was not acceptable to him that Agostino was showing himself to be a very close companion of Robert’s. After a brief interview with Agostino, Robert came to know that he belonged to Italy and had migrated to San Francisco where he met Alfred and started some wood business with him.

What makes Canada an interesting country Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What makes Canada an interesting country - Essay Example Located in North America, Canada boasts of 9.98 million square kilometers, making it the second largest country in the world with its borders touching three of the world’s largest oceans, the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans to the East, West and North respectively. Adding to the interesting facts surrounding its borders, the border between Canada and the United States (US) is the world’s longest land border. These among other facts about Canada make it one of the most interesting countries in the modern world. Canada began self-governance in 1867 and gained independence in 1931 following the enactment of the Statute of Westminster and therefore it is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Canada retained its ties with the British crown hence Queen Elizabeth II is Canada’s head of state in the modern day. This implies no elections for the head of state are held since the monarch is driven by heredity. The monarch then appoints a governor general, after a five year term, with advisory assistance from the prime minister. Canada’s parliament comprises of 105 senatorial seats, members appointed by governor general and 308 members from the House of Commons who are elected by the people on a four year term basis. Additionally, governor general appointees serve up to the age of 75 years. Similarly the chief justice and 8 other judges making the high court, are appointed by the prime minister and serve up to 75 up to the age of 75 years. However, there has been attempts to break fr om the British crown but to futility such as the 2014 referendum. Canada has a strong economy that can be attributed to its significantly many natural resources, trading activities and strong relations with the neighboring US. As a result, Canada is regarded a developed countries taking the eighth position in Human Development Index. Canada has a wide

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Assignment Example Some of these programs have shown great success, while others have not. The purpose of this paper is to examine specific population issues in China, India, and Japan and to determine what practices are currently working, and what still remains to be done. China China is now well over a population of 1.4 billion people and it continues to grow. This amounts to a staggering figure of twenty percent of the global population. Because of this China, is now facing serious social and economic problems as a result of this burgeoning population. Population strain has lead to a depletion of land and natural resources, caused severe pollution problems, and had lead to deplorable living conditions amongst the poorest of the Chinese people (Qu, Cui, Yan, Peng, & Zhang, 2011, p. 2077). One can say, however, that the Chinese government saw these problems coming and have worked feverishly to do something about it. In 1979, China implemented the famous one-child policy. Beyond one child, families wou ld be taxed up to 50% of their income or possibly lose their employment, making it unlikely that many would violate the policy. In the end, families who agreed to have only one child would receive certain benefits. Women who got pregnant without authorization or by accident were encouraged to terminate their pregnancy. The result of this program has been mixed. Fearing punishment, many government official falsified population reports, leading to estimates that the number of births reported in China may be off by as many as twenty-seven percent. In the end, population growth has slowed somewhat, but at great costs. There have been political consequences, as many Western countries have criticized China for the policy, particularly their views on birth control and the rampant termination of pregnancies. China has, however, seen tremendous economic growth in recent years, but many fear that there will soon be an imbalance of males and females in the country. This is a result of many Chi nese families working to have a male as their only child, causing an imbalance in the ratio of males to females (Fischer, Winiwarter, Cao, & Ermolieva, 2012, p. 246). If this continues, there will be a reversal in population growth as time goes on, making it difficult for the younger generation to support a growing and sizeable elderly population. India Like China, overpopulation in India a serious concern and one that needs to be addressed. Unlike China, however, India has been able to do little to reverse the trend. India still has the majority of its population living in abject poverty. Add to this the fact that India has not progressed much in the way of feminine rights in recent decades, and one can easily see why the population has gotten out of control (Bloom, et. al., 2010, p. 18). The government has attempted through the years to reduce population growth, but most have not succeeded to any great extent. The ironic part of this problem is that India has sufficient land size and a lot of agricultural potential to support the over one billion that live there. The reality is, however, that the resources are not equally distributed and that a majority of the people of India is not having their basic needs being met. Indian, being faced with the reality that they simply cannot handle the population growth that is occurring, has attempted to

Merger of mittal stell and arcelor steel analysis

Merger of mittal stell and arcelor steel analysis This case is about the merger of Mittal Steel Industry and Arcelor Steel Industry which was merged in 2006. This assignment covers the topics of change management and its theories. The case is related to Plan Do Check Act (PDCA) theory. The headquarters are situated in Avenue Da La Liberate, Luxembourg. The business of these 2 companies are served world wide after the merger. The Chairman of the companies is Laxshmi Mittal. These companies deal with many products such as Steel, Flat Steel, Long Steel products, Stainless Steel, Wire products, Plates. The companies not only provide these products in reasonable ranges but also provide good quality. Before the merger Mittal Steel Industry used to produce volume however Arcelor Steel Industry used to produce highest revenues. After the merger these companies became number one steel industry in producing values and revenues as well. The status of the revenue of this merged company in 2009 was US$ 65.11 billion and profit was US$ 118 billion. The operating income was US$ 1.678 billion in 2009. In further pages of this assignment the theories of change management are also related to the cases. TABLE OF CONTENTS Index INTRODUCTION MITTAL STEEL INDUSTRY MITTAL STEEL co. was formed by the merger of LNM HOLDING and ISPAT INTERNATIONAL.LAKSHMI MITTAL who is the CEO of the company, He and his family hold 88% of the company and its headquarter was in ROTTERDAM NETRHERLAND. The company was produced words largest steel in term of volume and also largest in turnover which merge in ARCELOR MITTAL. The company establish a meal stone in the steel world industry ARCELOR STEEL INDUSTRY ARCELOR was established in February 2002 by combining 3 steel making companies i.e. ARCERALIA [SPAIN], ARBED [LUXEMBOURG] and UNISON [FRANCE].In ARCELOR more than 104000 employees was working in 2006 over 60 countries. ARCELOR revenues were 40.6billion euros and its production was 53.5 million tonnes of crude steel. Their products were flat carbon steel, long carbon steel, stainless steel and steel solution and services. The ARCELOR steel and b MITTAL steel merge in ARCELORMITTAL steel in 2006. Now, ARCELOR MITTAL is words no. 1 steel maker company with the revenue of $ 105.2 billion a year. The company produced crude steel and production of crude steel is 116 millions tons per year. It produced 10% of steel in the world. The co. has more than 310000 employees in over 60 countries across 4 continents. The co. is leader in the global market in various fields which has automotives construction household appliances and packaging. Mittal steel was leader in steel industry in terms of volume whereas Arcelor steel was leader in terms of revenue. After merge it becomes highly fragmented steel industry in the world. This industry belong to steel market, it presence in Europe, Asia, America and Africa. It gives the global exposure to the steel industry. Now ARCELOR MITTAL is looking for high growth in Indian and Chinese market. Its also listed with the stock exchange of New York, Luxembourg, Paris Brussels , Amsterdam and Spanish stock exchange of Barcelona Bilboa. Change Management Theories PLAN DO CHECK ACT (PDCA) Plan-Do-Check-Act first developed by Walter Shewhart and it was popularized by Edwards Deming. PDCA  (plan-do-check-act) is a four-step problem-solving process typically used in  business improvement. Its also known as Shewhart cycle, Deming cycle, PDSA (PLAN DO STUDY ACT), PDCA (PLAN DO CHECK ACT). This Act is useful for change management. The PDCA cycle should be repeated again and again for continuous improvement in an organization. PLAN: To improve your operations first by finding out what things are going wrong (that is identify the problems faced), and come up with ideas for solving these problems. PROCEDURE- Recognize an opportunity and plan a change. DO: Implement the new processes. PROCEDURE- Taking small steps in controlled circumstances for execute the plan. CHECK: Measure the new processes and compare the results against the expected results to ascertain any differences. PROCEDURE- Review the test, analyze the results and identify what youve learned. ACT: Analyse the differences to determine their cause. Each will be part of either one or more of the P-D-C-A steps. Determine where to apply changes that will include improvement. When a pass through these four steps does not result in the need to improve, refine the scope to which PDCA is applied until there is a plan that involves improvement. PROCEDURE- Take action to improve the process Benefits of the PDCA cycle: This cycle can solve the problems, Project management, Daily routine management for the individual and team, Continuous development, New product development. THE CHANGE The merger was started from 27th January 2006 but it finalised on 25th June 2006 It Is valued at 26.8 billion Euros in dollar it was 33.5 billion which was 44% higher than initial offer 18.6 billion Euros MITTAL was the largest share holder with 45% stake in the merged entity. THE MERGER The change was necessary in the Steel Industry and the aim was globalization and consolidation in the Steel Industry. MITTAL defines the deal and set pace for the industry. In June 2006 MITTAL STEEL and ARCELOR reach an agreement to merge the two companies. The combine group which name formed was ARCELOR MITTAL and the head quarter established in Luxembourg. 2006 was a very exciting and growing year for MITTAL ARCELOR because in this year new milestone were achieved by both companies. The company was converted by two companies which lead the industry through mergers and acquisition. Change management was the merger was on the basis of ADHOC basis and it was run on temporary basis. After this the second step was not temporary basis now the ARCELOR adapted the merger and then the new company was formed with the name of ARCELOR MITTAL and it perform all the function of one company and now it leads the whole of the steel industry. ARCELOR + MITTAL = ARCELOR MITTAL ARCELOR MITTAL- BUILDING OUR COMPANY WITH THE NEED OF FUTURE GENERATION IN MIND. WHY CHANGES IMPLEMENTED The aim of company was to become largest company as both company were large but both was in competitor with each other but the aim of the company was to become no. 1 in the steel industry which was not easily possible for both of them individually. Companies want to achieve economy of scale. Economy of scale achievement is very difficult for both of the company. Every company wants to growth but various factor are countable in the way of it. So one of the factors was competition in different field thats why change was necessary for achievement of economy of scale. Steel demand was strong in 2006 in developing industry as the expert shows the relevant data about growing of it thats why one way growth was very difficult in steel industry so change was necessary in steel industry. Both are very strong MITTAL in terms of volume and ARCELOR in terms of revenue which attract to each other. Both knew about their strength and weakness thats why both knew what they are doing because this was the requirement of both of the company. So change is necessary and both companies want to adopt these changes in mutual way. This case can be related to the theory of Plan Do Check Act as following changes were occurred according to the theory: Plan- Both the companies planned to combine with each other as there will be profitable changes after the merger. Do- Both the companies tried to find out the situations of the company that how it can be profitable in the global market. They find out the scale of the economy as the achievement of economy of scale was very difficult for both the companies. Check- The companies checked both the status of the companies as steel demand was strong in 2006 in developing industry so the change was necessary and both companies want to adopt changes in mutual way. Act- Both the companies were very strong in their ways however they finally merged by analysing the future situation and status of the company in the market. They knew their strength and weaknesses so the merger was resulted successful. MARKET POSITION IN REGION AFTER CHANGE NO 1 NORTH AMERICA NO 1 IN WESTERN EUROPE NO 1 IN EASTERN EUROPE AND CIS NO 1 IN SOUTH AMERICA NO 1 IN AFRICA STRATEGIC PRESENCE IN ASIA ACHIVEMENTS AFTER CHANGES Operation of company achieve more than 20 countries The production of steel crossed 116 millions The annual production capacity is 130 million s tonnes Steel shipment produced approximate 110 million tonnes Revenue from shipment is generated 105.2billion US$ Company is announced 35 more acquisition The organic growth of company 20 million tonnes The company has unique capability in the steel industry in the field of R D ARCELORMITTAL GROWTH PLAN IN FUTURE In the shipment company will adopt five year plan in which 20% increase in 5 years It adopt growth plan 2012 and it called growth plan 2012 For 2012 company target focused on 131 million tonnes production Company strategy mainly focused on high growth market and low cost areas The growth plan in 2012 is approximately 75% which have done already or approved For a potential investment of 7billion US$ over 6 years. CONCLUSION WHY THE CHANGE WAS SUCCESSFUL The change management was a synergy change. It is related with the team performance. Both the companies want to work like a team so both were clear in their field thats why change management was successful in these companies. Together they brought iron, technology and marketing expertise which in past they were brought separately it becomes another change which follow both of the company they know their powers in their field so when they combined they use in the combined way and they also share their power in one way thats why change was successful. They follow the merger process which is adept at combining business. The merger process which is follow by many companies but right merger process is that which follow the right way in the right time with the right company. So in this way both company follow the same procedure of successful thats why the change was successful. Both of were knowing the growth of each other thats why they know what they have done and what they earn from this management change because they know where they stand and what they will be done so they know about change very well thats why change process they follow which made history in the steel industry. They was the best competition in the market thats why they knew very well strength and weakness of each other which made best connection with each other which made path for the successful change it shows both of the company leadership techniques for growing one. They have different quality of top level in both ways from the MITTAL point of view the volume they produced and from the ARCELOR point of view revenue they earn so both have unique but also powerful quality in their field which made change successful. Current Status: Total Assets US$ 127.7 billion (2009) Total Equity US$ 65.40 billion (2009) Employees 281700 (2009)